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Iran and a group of six nations led by the United
States have agreed to a historic accord to
significantly limit Tehran’s nuclear ability for more
than a decade in return for lifting international oil
and financial sanctions against Iran, a senior Western
diplomat involved in the negotiations said on
Tuesday.
The deal, which President Obama had long sought as
the biggest diplomatic achievement of his presidency,
culminates 20 months of negotiations.
A formal announcement of the agreement was
expected later on Tuesday, when foreign ministers
from Iran and the six nations it has been negotiating
with will meet at a United Nations complex in Vienna.
Catherine Ray, a spokeswoman for the European
Union, said a final plenary meeting of the six nations
– Britain, China, France, Germany, Russia and the
United States – would take place at 10:30 a.m. in
Vienna, followed by a news conference, but she
provided no further details.
Diplomats declined to provide details until Secretary
of State John Kerry and his Iranian counterpart,
Mohammad Javad Zarif, speak at that event. Mr.
Obama is expected to make a public statement in
Washington, beginning a long process to sell the deal
to Congress and the American public.
But the Western diplomat, who spoke on the
condition of anonymity because he was discussing
confidential talks, signaled that all of the main
outstanding issues had been resolved, including the
thorny question of how many years an embargo on
conventional arms shipments into and out of Iran
would remain in place.
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The agreement and its annexes run more than 80
pages, Iranian officials said, outlining in painstaking
detail how much nuclear fuel Iran can keep in the
country for the next 15 years; what kind of research
and development it can perform on centrifuges and
other nuclear equipment; and the redesign of both a
nuclear reactor and a deep-underground enrichment
site that Israeli and American officials feared could
be invulnerable to bombing.
But to strike the deal, Mr. Kerry and the other
negotiators had to accept an understanding that
essentially left in place most of Iran’s infrastructure
at the country’s main nuclear sites, though much of it
would be disassembled and put in storage. Iran is
likely to cite that fact as evidence that it never gave in
to the West’s demands that it dismantle its critical
facilities.
The agreement not to shutter Iran’s most advanced
nuclear facilities is expected to be a focal point of
critics in Congress, which now has 60 days to
approve or reject the deal. Those critics have already
complained that the deal being discussed would only
delay the day when Iran would have the ability to
build an atomic weapon.
The accord will be a political agreement, not a legally
binding treaty.
Some restrictions limiting Iran’s program begin to
phase out after 10 years. Then, after 15 years, Iran
would be free to produce as much enriched uranium
as it wanted. In theory, though, the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty, to which Tehran is a
signatory, would prevent it from taking the last steps
to produce a weapon.
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With the announcement of the accord, Mr. Obama
has now made major strides toward fundamentally
changing the American diplomatic relationships with
three nations: Cuba, Iran and Myanmar.
Of the three, Iran is the most strategically important,
the only one with a nuclear program, and it is still on
the State Department’s list of state sponsors of
terrorism.
Although some provisions, including the arms
embargo, are expected to be especially contentious
in Congress, Mr. Obama’s chances of ultimately
prevailing are considered high. Even if the accord is
voted down by one or both houses, he could veto
that action, and he is likely to have the votes he
would need to prevail in an effort to override the
veto. But he has told aides that for an accord as
important as this one – which he hopes will usher in
a virtual truce with a country that has been a major
American adversary for 35 years – he wants a
congressional endorsement.
Mr. Obama will also have to manage the breach with
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel and the
leaders of Saudi Arabia and other Arab states who
have warned against the deal, saying the relief of
sanctions will ultimately empower the Iranians
throughout the Middle East.
The announcement comes after years of sanctions
and covert cyberattacks to disable Iran’s nuclear
program, which Iranian leaders say is only for
peaceful purposes.
Mr. Obama and Hillary Rodham Clinton, then the
secretary of state, began the effort to reach an
agreement on the nuclear program by sending aides
on secret missions starting in 2012 to meet Iranian
diplomats and explore the opening of talks, enraging
Israeli officials who had been left in the dark.
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A preliminary accord struck in 2013 temporarily froze
much of Iran’s program and rolled back the
production of a kind of fuel that was closest to bomb
grade. The ensuing negotiations have been
repeatedly extended and became Mr. Kerry’s single
biggest mission.
Once-rare American encounters with Iranian
diplomats became routine. Along the way, Mr. Kerry
has spent more hours with Mr. Zarif than with any
other foreign minister.
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